%0 Journal Article %J Prevention Science %D 2022 %T Development and implementation of Businesses That Care in Zacatecas, Mexico %A Brown, Eric C. %A Montero-Zamora, Pablo %A Ortíz-Garcia, Jorge %A Aviles, Kathelyn %A Beaulieu, Dalene %A Haggerty, Kevin P %B Prevention Science %V 23 %P 663-673 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Sex Transm Dis %D 2016 %T HIV/Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention Messaging: Targeting Root Causes of Sexual Risk Behavior. %A Manhart, Lisa E %A Epstein, Marina %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Hill, Karl G %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Catalano, Richard F %X

INTRODUCTION: Sexual risk behaviors (SRBs) often lead to sexually transmitted infections (STI), yet little is known about what drives SRB and whether this differs by sex.

METHOD: Participants (n = 920; 75% white) were drawn from the Raising Healthy Children study, enrolled in 1993 and 1994 in grades 1 to 2, and followed up through age 24/25 years. Lifetime STI diagnosis was defined by self-report or seropositivity for Chlamydia trachomatis or herpes simplex virus 2. Multivariable models assessed individual (social skills, behavioral disinhibition) and environmental factors (family involvement, school bonding, antisocial friends) predictive of STI diagnosis as mediated by 3 proximal SRB (sex under the influence of drugs or alcohol, condom use, lifetime number of sex partners).

RESULTS: Twenty-five percent of participants had ever had an STI. All SRBs differed by sex (P < 0.001), and female participants were more likely to have had an STI (P < 0.001). Behavioral disinhibition and antisocial friends in adolescence were associated with more SRB for both sexes, whereas social skills were associated with less SRB in female but more in male participants. Considering SRB and individual and environmental factors together, lifetime number of sex partners (adjusted relative risk [ARR], 1.04per partner; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.05) and inconsistent condom use (ARR, 1.10per year; 95% CI, 1.04-1.16) were associated with increased risk of STI, whereas social skills were associated with decreased risk of STI (ARR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.75-0.93). Behavioral disinhibition seemed to drive SRB, but family involvement mitigated this in several cases.

CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent environmental influences and individual characteristics drive some SRB and may be more effective targets for STI/HIV prevention interventions than proximal risk behaviors.

%B Sex Transm Dis %V 43 %P 71-7 %8 2016 Feb %G eng %N 2 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26760178?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000402 %0 Journal Article %J Child Youth Serv Rev %D 2016 %T Parent training to reduce problem behaviors over the transition to high school: Tests of indirect effects through improved emotion regulation skills %A Mason, W A %A January, Stacy-Ann A %A Fleming, Charles B %A Thompson, Ronald W %A Parra, Gilbert R %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Snyder, James J %X

Adolescent problem behaviors are costly for individuals and society. Promoting the self-regulatory functioning of youth may help prevent the development of such behaviors. Parent-training and family intervention programs have been shown to improve child and adolescent self-regulation. This study helps fill gaps in knowledge by testing for indirect effects of the Common Sense Parenting(®) (CSP) program on reduced substance use, conduct problems, and school suspensions through previously identified short-term improvements in parents' reports of their children's emotion regulation skills. Over two cohorts, 321 low income families of 8(th) graders were enrolled and randomly assigned to either the standard CSP program, an adapted CSP Plus program, or a minimal-contact control condition. Pretest, posttest, 1-year follow-up, and 2-year follow-up survey assessments were completed by parents and students with 94% retention. Intent-to-treat multivariate path analyses were conducted. Neither intervention had statistically significant total effects on the three targeted adolescent outcomes. CSP, but not CSP Plus, had statistically significant indirect effects on reduced substance use and school suspensions at the 1-year follow-up as well as conduct problems and school suspensions at the 2-year follow-up through increased child emotion regulation skills at posttest. Findings provide some support for emotion regulation as one pathway through which the intervention was associated, indirectly, with reduced substance use, conduct problems, and school suspensions among at-risk students over the high school transition.

%B Child Youth Serv Rev %V 61 %P 176-183 %8 2016 Feb 1 %G ENG %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26778871?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.12.022 %0 Journal Article %J Subst Abus %D 2016 %T Prevalence of marijuana and other substance use before and after Washington State's change from legal medical marijuana to legal medical and nonmedical marijuana: Cohort comparisons in a sample of adolescents. %A Mason, W A %A Fleming, Charles B %A Ringle, Jay L %A Hanson, Koren %A Gross, Thomas J %A Haggerty, Kevin P %X

BACKGROUND: A growing number of states have new legislation extending prior legalization of medical marijuana by allowing nonmedical marijuana use for adults. The potential influence of this change in legislation on adolescent marijuana and other substance use (e.g., spillover or substitution effects) is uncertain. We capitalize on an ongoing study to explore the prevalence of marijuana and other substance use in 2 cohorts of adolescents who experienced the nonmedical marijuana law change in Washington State at different ages.

METHODS: Participants were 8th graders enrolled in targeted Tacoma, Washington public schools and recruited in 2 consecutive annual cohorts. The analysis sample was 238 students who completed a baseline survey in the 8th grade and a follow-up survey after the 9th grade. Between the 2 assessments, the second cohort experienced the Washington State nonmedical marijuana law change, whereas the first cohort did not. Self-report survey data on lifetime and past-month marijuana, cigarette, and alcohol use were collected.

RESULTS: Multivariate multilevel modeling showed that cohort differences in the likelihood of marijuana use were significantly different from those for cigarette and alcohol use at follow-up (adjusting for baseline substance initiation). Marijuana use was higher for the second cohort than the first cohort, but this difference was not statistically significant. Rates of cigarette and alcohol use were slightly lower in the second cohort than in the first cohort.

CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory study found that marijuana use was more prevalent among teens shortly after the transition from medical marijuana legalization only to medical and nonmedical marijuana legalization, although the difference between cohorts was not statistically significant. The findings also provided some evidence of substitution effects. The analytic technique used here may be useful for examining potential long-term effects of nonmedical marijuana laws on adolescent marijuana use and substitution or spillover effects in future studies.

%B Subst Abus %V 37 %P 330-5 %8 2016 Apr-Jun %G eng %N 2 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26252354?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1080/08897077.2015.1071723 %0 Journal Article %J Child Youth Serv Rev %D 2016 %T Professional and youth perspectives on higher education-focused interventions for youth transitioning from foster care. %A Salazar, Amy M %A Roe, Stephanie S %A Ullrich, Jessica S %A Haggerty, Kevin P %X

Youth transitioning from foster care to adulthood access and succeed in college at much lower rates than the general population. A variety of services exist to support youth with their postsecondary goals, but few if any have evidence for their effectiveness. As part of a National Institute on Drug Abuse-funded intervention development project to design Fostering Higher Education, a structured, testable postsecondary access and retention intervention for youth transitioning from foster care to adulthood, focus groups were conducted with community stakeholders to collect recommendations for how to most effectively structure the intervention. Analyses of focus group findings resulted in four theme groups: (1) general recommendations for intervention development; (2) recommendations for an educational advocacy intervention component; (3) recommendations for a mentoring intervention component; and (4) recommendations for a substance abuse prevention intervention component. These themes offered a variety of important insights for developing interventions in a way that is usable for youth and feasible for communities to implement.

%B Child Youth Serv Rev %V 64 %P 23-34 %8 2016 May %G ENG %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27065508?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.02.027 %0 Journal Article %J Dev Psychopathol %D 2016 %T Time-varying effects of families and peers on adolescent marijuana use: Person-environment interactions across development. %A Epstein, Marina %A Hill, Karl G %A Roe, Stephanie S %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Iacono, William G %A McGue, Matt %A Kristman-Valente, Allison %A Catalano, Richard F %A Haggerty, Kevin P %X

Studies have demonstrated that the effects of two well-known predictors of adolescent substance use, family monitoring and antisocial peers, are not static but change over the course of adolescence. Moreover, these effects may differ for different groups of youth. The current study uses time-varying effect modeling to examine the changes in the association between family monitoring and antisocial peers and marijuana use from ages 11 to 19, and to compare these associations by gender and levels of behavioral disinhibition. Data are drawn from the Raising Healthy Children study, a longitudinal panel of 1,040 youth. The strength of association between family monitoring and antisocial peers and marijuana use was mostly steady over adolescence, and was greater for girls than for boys. Differences in the strength of the association were also evident by levels of behavioral disinhibition: youth with lower levels of disinhibition were more susceptible to the influence of parents and peers. Stronger influence of family monitoring on girls and less disinhibited youth was most evident in middle adolescence, whereas the stronger effect of antisocial peers was significant during middle and late adolescence. Implications for the timing and targeting of marijuana preventive interventions are discussed.

%B Dev Psychopathol %P 1-14 %8 2016 Jul 15 %G ENG %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27417425?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1017/S0954579416000559 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Orthopsychiatry %D 2016 %T Using Communities That Care for community child maltreatment prevention. %A Salazar, Amy M %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A de Haan, Benjamin %A Catalano, Richard F %A Vann, Terri %A Vinson, Jean %A Lansing, Michaele %X

The prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral (MEB) disorders among children and adolescents is a national priority. One mode of implementing community-wide MEB prevention efforts is through evidence-based community mobilization approaches such as Communities That Care (CTC). This article provides an overview of the CTC framework and discusses the adaptation process of CTC to prevent development of MEBs through preventing child abuse and neglect and bolstering child well-being in children aged 0 to 10. Adaptations include those to the intervention itself as well as those to the evaluation approach. Preliminary findings from the Keeping Families Together pilot study of this evolving approach suggest that the implementation was manageable for sites, and community board functioning and community adoption of a science-based approach to prevention in pilot sites looks promising. Implications and next steps are outlined. (PsycINFO Database Record

%B Am J Orthopsychiatry %V 86 %P 144-55 %8 2016 Mar %G eng %N 2 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26963184?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1037/ort0000078 %0 Journal Article %J J Soc Social Work Res %D 2015 %T Adherence and dosage contributions to parenting program quality %A Gross, Thomas J %A Mason, W A %A Parra, Gilbert %A Oats, Robert %A Ringle, Jay %A Haggerty, Kevin P %X

OBJECTIVE: The 3 most frequently examined elements of treatment fidelity are adherence, dosage, and quality. The relationships between these fidelity elements are complex, and additional research is needed to provide clarity. Improving clarity may be especially relevant to parenting programs, which tend to include direct explicit instruction (DEI) elements (i.e., instruction, modeling, and practice). The adherence to and dosage of these DEI elements are frequently assumed to improve program quality; however, little information is available to determine if such adherence and dosage affect program quality. This study examines whether adherence to and dosage of DEI elements predict quality ratings for a widely disseminated, manualized parenting program.

METHOD: Adherence is defined as the percentage of intervention tasks completed for each DEI element. Dosage is defined as the number of minutes and seconds spent in each intervention DEI element. Treatment fidelity is assessed for 36 of 144 sessions across 10 program facilitators. A hierarchical linear regression analysis examines the contributions of adherence and dosage in the prediction of session quality ratings.

RESULTS: The analysis indicates that adherence accounts for a significant proportion of the variance (26%), whereas dosage contributes a nonsignificant proportion of variance (11%). Adherence to skill practice was the strongest individual predictor (β = .445, p < .01).

CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that ensuring a high degree of adherence can contribute to quality program delivery. However, more exploration is needed to better understand the ways in which adherence and dosage of DEI elements affect program quality.

%B J Soc Social Work Res %V 6 %P 467-489 %8 2015 Dec %G ENG %N 4 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26726301?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1086/684108 %0 Journal Article %J Assessment %D 2015 %T Alabama Parenting Questionnaire-9: Longitudinal measurement invariance across parents and youth during the transition to high school %A Gross, Thomas J %A Fleming, Charles B %A Mason, W A %A Haggerty, Kevin P %X

The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire nine-item short form (APQ-9) is an often used assessment of parenting in research and applied settings. It uses parent and youth ratings for three scales: Positive Parenting, Inconsistent Discipline, and Poor Supervision. The purpose of this study is to examine the longitudinal invariance of the APQ-9 for both parents and youth, and the multigroup invariance between parents and youth during the transition from middle school to high school. Parent and youth longitudinal configural, metric, and scalar invariance for the APQ-9 were supported when tested separately. However, the multigroup invariance tests indicated that scalar invariance was not achieved between parent and youth ratings. Essentially, parent and youth mean scores for Positive Parenting, Inconsistent Discipline, and Poor Supervision can be independently compared across the transition from middle school to high school. However, comparing parent and youth scores across the APQ-9 scales may not be meaningful.

%B Assessment %8 2015 Dec 15 %G ENG %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26671892?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1177/1073191115620839 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2015 %T Long-term effects of staying connected with your teen® on drug use frequency at age 20. %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Skinner, Martie L %A Catalano, Richard F %A Abbott, Robert D %A Crutchfield, Robert D %K Adolescent %K African Americans %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Female %K Health Promotion %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Male %K Parent-Child Relations %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Young Adult %X

Drug prevention interventions frequently target early adolescents in order to stop or delay initiation of substance use. However, the prevalence and frequency of drug use escalate and then peak during emerging adulthood, making it important to determine whether drug use prevention efforts in adolescence have lasting effects into adulthood. Additionally, given differences in drug use frequency between ethnic groups, intervention effects by race should be examined when possible. This study evaluates the efficacy of a family-focused prevention program, Staying Connected with Your Teen®, delivered to parents and teens in the 8th grade, on family stressors during 9th and 10th grades, 10th-grade drug use (as potential mediators), and drug use frequency at age 20. Families (N = 331; Black = 163, White = 168) were randomly assigned to three conditions: parent-adolescent group-administered (PA), self-administered with telephone support (SA), and no-treatment control (Haggerty et al. Prevention Science, 8: 249-260, 2007). The impact of the intervention was assessed using latent variable structural equation models. Age 20 drug use frequency was significantly higher among Whites than Blacks as expected. The PA intervention had direct effects on reducing drug use frequency for both Blacks and Whites. The SA intervention had an impact on family stressors during adolescence for Whites, but not for Blacks. Results suggest that both formats for delivery were modestly efficacious for Whites, but only direct delivery was modestly efficacious for Blacks. Given the substantial savings in cost of the self-administered program over the group-administered format, improving the efficacy of self-administered programming for Blacks is recommended.

%B Prev Sci %V 16 %P 538-49 %8 2015 May %G eng %N 4 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25428694?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1007/s11121-014-0525-8 %0 Journal Article %J J Prim Prev %D 2015 %T Predictors of participation in parenting workshops for improving adolescent behavioral and mental health: Results from the Common Sense Parenting trial. %A Fleming, Charles B %A Mason, W A %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Thompson, Ronald W %A Fernandez, Kate %A Casey-Goldstein, Mary %A Oats, Robert G %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adult %K Ethnic Groups %K Family Characteristics %K Female %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Mental Health %K Parent-Child Relations %K Parenting %K Parents %K Poverty Areas %K Program Evaluation %K Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic %K Social Class %K Washington %X

Engaging and retaining participants are crucial to achieving adequate implementation of parenting interventions designed to prevent problem behaviors among children and adolescents. This study examined predictors of engagement and retention in a group-based family intervention across two versions of the program: a standard version requiring only parent attendance for six sessions and an adapted version with two additional sessions that required attendance by the son or daughter. Families included a parent and an eighth grader who attended one of five high-poverty schools in an urban Pacific Northwest school district. The adapted version of the intervention had a higher rate of engagement than the standard version, a difference that was statistically significant after adjusting for other variables assessed at enrollment in the study. Higher household income and parent education, younger student age, and poorer affective quality in the parent-child relationship predicted greater likelihood of initial attendance. In the adapted version of the intervention, parents of boys were more likely to engage with the program than those of girls. The variables considered did not strongly predict retention, although retention was higher among parents of boys. Retention did not significantly differ between conditions. Asking for child attendance at workshops may have increased engagement in the intervention, while findings for other predictors of attendance point to the need for added efforts to recruit families who have less socioeconomic resources, as well as families who perceive they have less need for services.

%B J Prim Prev %V 36 %P 105-18 %8 2015 Apr %G eng %N 2 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656381?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1007/s10935-015-0386-3 %0 Journal Article %J J Child Fam Stud %D 2015 %T Reducing risks for problem behaviors during the high school transition: Proximal outcomes in the Common Sense Parenting trial %A Mason, W A %A Fleming, Charles B %A Ringle, Jay L %A Thompson, Ronald W %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Snyder, James J %X

This study tests Common Sense Parenting (CSP)®, a widely used parent-training program, in its standard form and in a modified form known as CSP Plus, with low-income 8(th) graders and their families during the high school transition. The six-session CSP program proximally targets parenting and child emotion regulation skills. CSP Plus adds two sessions that include youth, and the eight-session program further targets skills for avoiding negative peers and activities in high school. Over two cohorts, 321 families were enrolled and randomly assigned to either CSP, CSP Plus, or minimal-contact control conditions. To date, pretest and posttest assessments have been completed, with 93% retention over about a 6-month interval. Here, analyses of preliminary outcomes from pretest to posttest focus on data collected from parents, who represent the primary proximal intervention targets. Intent-to-treat structural equation modeling analyses were conducted. CSP and CSP Plus had statistically significant effects on increased parent-reported child emotion regulation skills. CSP Plus further showed a statistically significant effect on increased parent perceptions of their adolescent being prepared for high school, but only in a model that excluded the CSP condition. Neither program had a significant proximal effect on parenting practices. Emotion regulation, one indicator of self-control, is a robust protective factor against problem behaviors. Intervention effects on this outcome may translate into reduced problems during high school. Moreover, CSP Plus showed some limited signs of added value for preparing families for the high school transition.

%B J Child Fam Stud %V 24 %P 2568-2578 %8 2015 Sep 1 %G ENG %N 9 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26508822?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1007/s10826-014-0059-5 %0 Journal Article %J Subst Use Misuse %D 2015 %T Washington State recreational marijuana legalization: parent and adolescent perceptions, knowledge, and discussions in a sample of low-income families. %A Mason, W A %A Hanson, Koren %A Fleming, Charles B %A Ringle, Jay L %A Haggerty, Kevin P %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Family %K Female %K Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice %K Humans %K Knowledge %K Male %K Marijuana Smoking %K Parent-Child Relations %K Parents %K Perception %K Poverty %K Washington %X

BACKGROUND: In November 2012, Washington State and Colorado became the first states in the United States to legalize recreational marijuana use for adults, and Uruguay became the first country to allow the cultivation, distribution, possession, and use of marijuana. One possible consequence of these changes is increased adolescent marijuana use. Parents may mitigate this adverse consequence; however, whether parents and adolescents have accurate knowledge about the laws and are discussing marijuana use in light of the law changes is unknown.

OBJECTIVE: We examine perceptions, knowledge, and parent-child discussions about Washington State's recreational marijuana law in a sample of low-income families.

METHODS: Participants were a subset of families (n = 115) in an ongoing study that originally recruited parents and adolescents from middle schools in Tacoma, Washington. In summer 2013, when students were entering the 11(th) grade, students and their parents were asked questions about the recreational marijuana law.

RESULTS: Participants perceived that their marijuana-related attitudes and behaviors changed little as a result of the law, and displayed uncertainty about what is legal and illegal. Most parents reported discussing the new law with their children but only occasionally, and conversations emphasized household rules, particularly among parent lifetime marijuana users compared to non-users. Conclusions/Importance: Results suggest that there should be a public health campaign focused on families that provides clear information about the recreational marijuana laws.

%B Subst Use Misuse %V 50 %P 541-5 %8 2015 Apr %G eng %N 5 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25671633?dopt=Abstract %R 10.3109/10826084.2014.952447 %0 Journal Article %J Child Youth Serv Rev %D 2014 %T Adapting an evidence based parenting program for child welfare involved teens and their caregivers. %A Barkan, Susan E %A Salazar, Amy M %A Estep, Kara %A Mattos, Leah M %A Eichenlaub, Caroline %A Haggerty, Kevin P %X

The scarcity of caregivers and the unique vulnerability of teens involved with the child welfare system necessitate effective strategies for ensuring that caregivers are prepared and supported in the important role they play with children and youth within the child welfare system. They are in a position, through the establishment of a strong, positive, supportive connection with the youth, to potentially minimize the impacts of recent trauma and interrupt a negative trajectory by preventing the youth's initiation of high-risk behavior. In this paper we describe the process used to systematically adapt Staying Connected with Your Teen™, an evidence-based, prevention-focused parenting program found in other studies to reduce the initiation of teens' risky behaviors, for use with foster teens and their relative or foster caregivers. This work has been guided by the ADAPT-ITT framework developed by Wingood and DiClemente (2008) for adapting evidence-based interventions. Qualitative work conducted in Phase 1 of this study identified the need for the development of a trusted connection between foster youth and their caregivers, as well as tools for helping them access community resources, social services, and educational supports. This paper describes the process used to develop new and adapted program activities in response to the needs identified in Phase 1. We conducted a theater test with dyads of foster youth and their caregivers to get feedback on the new activities. Findings from the theater test are provided and next steps in the research are discussed which include examining program usability, fidelity, feasibility, and testing this new prevention program that has been tailored for child welfare involved youth and their caregivers. This intervention program has the potential to fill an important gap in the availability of preventive programming for caregivers of teens in foster care.

%B Child Youth Serv Rev %V 41 %P 53-61 %8 2014 Jun %G ENG %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26052172?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.006 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2014 %T Engagement matters: lessons from assessing classroom implementation of steps to respect: a bullying prevention program over a one-year period. %A Low, Sabina %A Van Ryzin, Mark J %A Brown, Eric C %A Smith, Brian H %A Haggerty, Kevin P %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Altruism %K Bullying %K Curriculum %K Diffusion of Innovation %K Faculty %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Outcome Assessment (Health Care) %K Primary Prevention %K Program Evaluation %K Schools %K Students %K United States %K Violence %X

Steps to Respect: A Bullying Prevention Program (STR) relies on a social-ecological model of prevention to increase school staff awareness and responsiveness, foster socially responsible beliefs among students, and teach social-emotional skills to students to reduce bullying behavior. As part of a school-randomized controlled trial of STR, we examined predictors and outcomes associated with classroom curriculum implementation in intervention schools. Data on classroom implementation (adherence and engagement) were collected from a sample of teachers using a weekly on-line Teacher Implementation Checklist system. Pre-post data related to school bullying-related outcomes were collected from 1,424 students and archival school demographic data were obtained from the National Center for Education Statistics. Results of multilevel analyses indicated that higher levels of program engagement were influenced by school-level percentage of students receiving free/reduced lunch, as well as classroom-level climate indicators. Results also suggest that higher levels of program engagement were related to lower levels of school bullying problems, enhanced school climate and attitudes less supportive of bullying. Predictors and outcomes related to program fidelity (i.e., adherence) were largely nonsignificant. Results suggest that student engagement is a key element of program impact, though implementation is influenced by both school-level demographics and classroom contexts.

%B Prev Sci %V 15 %P 165-76 %8 2014 Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1007/s11121-012-0359-1 %0 Journal Article %J J Stud Alcohol Drugs %D 2014 %T Exploring heavy drinking patterns among black and white young adults. %A Klima, Tali %A Skinner, Martie L %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Crutchfield, Robert D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K African Continental Ancestry Group %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcoholic Intoxication %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Young Adult %X

UNLABELLED: ABSTRACT.

OBJECTIVE: This investigation examined patterns of heavy drinking among Black and White young adults from a person-centered perspective and linked family and individual factors in adolescence to young adult drinking patterns.

METHOD: The analysis focuses on 331 10th-grade students (168 Whites, 163 Blacks; 51% males) who were followed into young adulthood (ages 20 and 22). Cluster analyses using heavy episodic drinking, drunkenness, and alcohol problems in young adulthood resulted in groups of drinkers with different patterns. Groups were examined across and within race. Associations between young adult drinking groups and adolescent family and individual factors were tested.

RESULTS: Groups followed well-established race differences, with Whites clustering into frequent drinking groups more than Blacks, and Blacks clustering into non-heavy drinking groups more than Whites. Further, Black heavy drinkers reported fewer alcohol problems than White counterparts. Parental monitoring, consistent discipline, ethnic identity, and delinquency were associated with adult heavy episodic drinking groups for both races. Monitoring and delinquency, along with parental norms, were associated with drunkenness groups for both races. However, race differences were observed for drunkenness clusters such that attachment was predictive for White clusters, and parental guidelines and discipline were predictive for Black clusters.

CONCLUSIONS: Large race differences in heavy drinking at young adulthood were confirmed. Family dynamics in 10th grade were identified as important for the development of different drinking patterns in the early 20s, when many individuals have left home, which suggests a key target for substance use prevention programs. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 75, 839-849, 2014).

%B J Stud Alcohol Drugs %V 75 %P 839-49 %8 2014 Sep %G eng %N 5 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25208202?dopt=Abstract %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2014 %T A framework for testing and promoting expanded dissemination of promising preventive interventions that are being implemented in community settings. %A Mason, W A %A Fleming, Charles B %A Thompson, Ronald W %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Snyder, James J %K Diffusion of Innovation %K Evidence-Based Medicine %K Female %K Health Promotion %K Humans %K Male %K Preventive Health Services %K Program Development %K Registries %K United States %X

Many evidence-based preventive interventions have been developed in recent years, but few are widely used. With the current focus on efficacy trials, widespread dissemination and implementation of evidence-based interventions are often afterthoughts. One potential strategy for reversing this trend is to find a promising program with a strong delivery vehicle in place and improve and test the program's efficacy through rigorous evaluation. If the program is supported by evidence, the dissemination vehicle is already in place and potentially can be expanded. This strategy has been used infrequently and has met with limited success to date, in part, because the field lacks a framework for guiding such research. To address this gap, we outline a framework for moving promising preventive interventions that are currently being implemented in community settings through a process of rigorous testing and, if needed, program modification in order to promote expanded dissemination. The framework is guided by RE-AIM (Reach, Efficacy/Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance) (Glasgow et al., Am J Publ Health 89:1322-1327, 1999), which focuses attention on external as well as internal validity in program tests, and is illustrated with examples. Challenges, such as responding to negative and null results, and opportunities inherent in the framework are discussed.

%B Prev Sci %V 15 %P 674-83 %8 2014 Oct %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1007/s11121-013-0409-3 %0 Journal Article %J Child Youth Serv Rev %D 2014 %T In search of connection: The foster youth and caregiver relationship. %A Storer, Heather L %A Barkan, Susan E %A Stenhouse, Linnea L %A Eichenlaub, Caroline %A Mallillin, Anastasia %A Haggerty, Kevin P %X

Placement instability is an ongoing challenge for the 125,000 foster youth aged 14 - 18 that are living in foster care, with youth living in approximately 3 placements before aging out of the system. Despite the importance caring adult relationships can play in promoting positive youth development and resiliency, there has been limited inquiry into the characteristics of the foster youth and caregiver relationship. The goal of this paper is to provide a descriptive account of the foster youth and caregiver relationship, and explore what qualities and experiences foster youth desire from their caregivers. Qualitative data were gathered from 9 focus groups. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis approaches. Foster youth, caregivers, and child welfare staff described relationships lacking in formative bonds and connection, where youth didn't "fit in", and chaotic homes marked by reactivity and judgment. Characteristics of supportive foster homes include a sense of belonging, structure, guidance, and consistency. This research underscores the important role positive relationships can play in foster youth's feelings of well-being and points to the need for foster parent training to include tangible strategies to develop stronger bonds.

%B Child Youth Serv Rev %V 42 %P 110-117 %8 2014 Jul %G ENG %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26052173?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.04.008 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2014 %T Sex risk behavior among adolescent and young adult children of opiate addicts: outcomes from the focus on families prevention trial and an examination of childhood and concurrent predictors of sex risk behavior. %A Skinner, Martie L %A Fleming, Charles B %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Child %K Child of Impaired Parents %K Female %K Health Promotion %K Humans %K Male %K Opioid-Related Disorders %K Risk Factors %K Risk-Taking %K Unsafe Sex %X

This study reports on rates and predictors of sex risk behavior among a sample of adolescent and young adult children of parents enrolled in methadone treatment for opiate addiction. Data are from 151 participants (80 males, 71 females) in the Focus on Families (FOF) project, a randomized trial of a family intervention and a study of the development of at-risk children. The study participants are children of parents enrolled in methadone treatment between 1990 and 1993. Participants were interviewed in 2005 when they ranged in age from 15 to 29 years. In the year prior to the follow-up, 79% of the males and 83% of females were sexually active, 26% of males and 10% of females had more than one partner in the prior year, and 34% of males and 24% of females reported having sex outside of a committed relationship. Twenty-four percent of males and 17% of females met criteria for high-risk sexual behavior, reporting casual or multiple partners in the prior year and inconsistent condom use. Participants in the intervention and control conditions did not differ significantly in terms of any measure of sex risk behavior examined. None of the measures of parent behavior and family processes derived from data at baseline of the FOF study predicted whether participants engaged in high-risk sex. Among measures derived from data collected at long-term follow-up, however, having ever met criteria for substance abuse or dependence predicted greater likelihood of high-risk sexual behavior, and being married or being in a romantic relationship was associated with lower likelihood of high-risk sexual behavior. The findings point to the important role of committed relationships in regulating sex risk behavior among this population, as well as heightened levels of sex risk behavior associated with substance abuse or dependence.

%B Prev Sci %V 15 Suppl 1 %P S70-7 %8 2014 Feb %G eng %R 10.1007/s11121-012-0327-9 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2014 %T Understanding the link between early sexual initiation and later sexually transmitted infection: test and replication in two longitudinal studies. %A Epstein, Marina %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Manhart, Lisa E %A Hill, Karl G %A Hawkins, J D %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Age Factors %K Alcohol Drinking %K Child %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Models, Theoretical %K Puberty %K Risk Factors %K Risk-Taking %K Sexual Abstinence %K Sexual Behavior %K Sexually Transmitted Diseases %X

PURPOSE: Age at sexual initiation is strongly associated with sexually transmitted infections (STI); yet, prevention programs aiming to delay sexual initiation have shown mixed results in reducing STI. This study tested three explanatory mechanisms for the relationship between early sexual debut and STI: number of sexual partners, individual characteristics, and environmental antecedents.

METHODS: A test-and-replicate strategy was employed using two longitudinal studies: the Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) and Raising Healthy Children (RHC). Childhood measures included pubertal age, behavioral disinhibition, and family, school, and peer influences. Alcohol use and age of sexual debut were measured during adolescence. Lifetime number of sexual partners and having sex under the influence were measured during young adulthood. Sexually transmitted infection diagnosis was self-reported at age 24. Early sex was defined as debut at <15 years. Path models were developed in SSDP evaluating relationships between measures, and were then tested in RHC.

RESULTS: The relationship between early sex and STI was fully mediated by lifetime sex partners in SSDP, but only partially in RHC, after accounting for co-occurring factors. Behavioral disinhibition predicted early sex, early alcohol use, number of sexual partners, and sex under the influence, but had no direct effect on STI. Family management protected against early sex and early alcohol use, whereas antisocial peers exacerbated the risk.

CONCLUSIONS: Early sexual initiation, a key mediator of STI, is driven by antecedents that influence multiple risk behaviors. Targeting co-occurring individual and environmental factors may be more effective than discouraging early sexual debut and may concomitantly improve other risk behaviors.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 54 %P 435-441.e2 %8 2014 Apr %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.09.016 %0 Journal Article %J Field methods %D 2013 %T Implementing Self-collection of Biological Specimens With a Diverse Sample. %A Fernandes, April %A Skinner, Martie L %A Woelfel, Tiffany %A Carpenter, Thomas %A Haggerty, Kevin P %X

Collecting saliva is the most noninvasive way to detect changing levels of cortisol (Adam & Kumari, 2009; Soo-Quee Koh & Choon-Huat Koh, 2007), a stress hormone of interest to behavioral and health scientists, where there are benefits from multiple samples taken over a period of days. Various self-collection strategies have been employed, ranging from treated cards to cotton swabs and passive drool methods. The current study investigates the effectiveness of a variety of reminder techniques in encouraging adherence with procedures requiring 4 samples per day on 3 separate days of passive drool collection among African American and European American young adults. The findings suggest that direct texts were associated with the greatest level of adherence, while phone reminders were most effective when controlling for total number of contacts. Results indicate that both traditional and novel reminder methods can positively influence adherence, even with challenging populations.

%B Field methods %V 25 %8 2013 Feb 1 %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1177/1525822X12453526 %0 Journal Article %J Violence Vict %D 2013 %T Parent and peer predictors of violent behavior of Black and White teens. %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Skinner, Martie L %A McGlynn-Wright, Anne %A Catalano, Richard F %A Crutchfield, Robert D %K Adolescent %K African Continental Ancestry Group %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Factor Analysis, Statistical %K Female %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Models, Psychological %K Parenting %K Peer Group %K Poverty %K Prospective Studies %K Risk Factors %K Violence %K Washington %X

This study examines the role that parenting and deviant peers play on frequency of self-reported violent behavior in the 10th grade while testing race differences in mean levels and impact of these risk and protective factors. The level and impact of family and peer factors on violent behavior across race are modeled prospectively from 8th to 10th grade in a sample of 331 (Black [n = 163], White [n = 168]) families from Seattle, Washington, using data from self-administered computer-assisted questionnaires. Mean-level differences indicated greater levels of violent behavior and risk for Black teens in some cases and higher protection in others. Multiple-group structural equation modeling indicated no race differences in predictors of teen violence. Income was also predictive of violent behavior, but analyses including both income and race indicated their relationships to violence overlapped so neither was uniquely predictive. Subsequent logistic regressions revealed that both race and income differences in violent behavior were mediated by association with friends who get in serious trouble at school. We conclude that higher rates of self-reported violent behavior by Blacks compared to Whites are attributable to lower family income and higher rates of associating with deviant peers at school.

%B Violence Vict %V 28 %P 145-60 %8 2013 %G eng %N 1 %0 Journal Article %J J Child Serv %D 2013 %T Promising Parenting Programs for Reducing Adolescent Problem Behaviors. %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A McGlynn-Wright, Anne %A Klima, Tali %X

PURPOSE: Adolescent problem behaviors (substance use, delinquency, school dropout, pregnancy, and violence) are costly not only for individuals, but for entire communities. Policymakers and practitioners that are interested in preventing these problem behaviors are faced with many programming options. In this review, we discuss two criteria for selecting relevant parenting programs, and provide five examples of such programs.

DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The first criterion for program selection is theory based. Well-supported theories, such as the social development model, have laid out key family-based risk and protective factors for problem behavior. Programs that target these risk and protective factors are more likely to be effective. Second, programs should have demonstrated efficacy; these interventions have been called "evidence-based programs" (EBP). This review highlights the importance of evidence from rigorous research designs, such as randomized clinical trials, in order to establish program efficacy.

FINDINGS: Nurse-Family Partnership, The Incredible Years, Positive Parenting Program, Strengthening Families 10-14, and Staying Connected with Your Teen are examined. The unique features of each program are briefly presented. Evidence showing impact on family risk and protective factors, as well as long-term problem behaviors, is reviewed. Finally, a measure of cost effectiveness of each program is provided.

ORIGINALITY/VALUE: We propose that not all programs are of equal value, and suggest two simple criteria for selecting a parenting program with a high likelihood for positive outcomes. Furthermore, although this review is not exhaustive, the five examples of EBPs offer a good start for policymakers and practitioners seeking to implement effective programs in their communities. Thus, this paper offers practical suggestions for those grappling with investments in child and adolescent programs on the ground.

%B J Child Serv %V 8 %8 2013 %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1108/JCS-04-2013-0016 %0 Journal Article %J Soc Work Public Health %D 2013 %T Science-based prevention through Communities That Care: A model of social work practice for public health. %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Shapiro, Valerie B %K Alcoholism %K Community Medicine %K Continuity of Patient Care %K Evidence-Based Practice %K Guidelines as Topic %K Humans %K Models, Organizational %K Public Health Practice %K Risk Factors %K Social Work %K Substance-Related Disorders %X

This article describes a public health orientation to drug and alcohol abuse prevention; reviews the state of the science underlying a risk and protective factor approach to alcohol and drug abuse prevention; describes Communities That Care, a community practice model that makes use of this evidence; and considers how this model reflects four important principles of social work practice. The intent of this article is to provide guidance to social workers who support the National Association of Social Work's intention to make prevention practice central to the provision of alcohol and drug abuse services by social workers.

%B Soc Work Public Health %V 28 %P 349-65 %8 2013 %G eng %N 3-4 %R 10.1080/19371918.2013.774812 %0 Journal Article %J European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. Special Issue on: Compassionate Criminology: The Legacy of Josine Junger-Tas %D 2013 %T Transforming prevention systems in the United States and the Netherlands using Communities That Care %A Steketee, Majone %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Jonkman, Harrie %A Hawkins, J D %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Aussems, Claire %X

Josine Junger-Tas introduced the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system to the Netherlands as a promising approach to address the growing youth violence and delinquency. Using data from a randomized trial of CTC in the United States and a quasi-experimental study of CTC in the Netherlands, this article describes the results of a comparison of the implementation of CTC in 12 U.S. communities and 5 Dutch neighborhoods. CTC communities in both countries achieved higher stages of a science-based approach to prevention than control communities, but full implementation of CTC in the Netherlands was hampered by the very small list of prevention programs tested and found effective in the Dutch context.

%B European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. Special Issue on: Compassionate Criminology: The Legacy of Josine Junger-Tas %V 19 %P 99-116 %8 2013 Jun 1 %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1007/s10610-012-9194-y %0 Journal Article %J Field methods %D 2013 %T Use of Web and Phone Survey Modes to Gather Data From Adults About Their Young Adult Children: An Evaluation Based on a Randomized Design. %A Fleming, Charles B %A Marchesini, Gina %A Elgin, Jenna %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Woodward, Danielle %A Abbott, Robert D %A Catalano, Richard F %X

Mode effects on responses to survey items may introduce bias to data collected using multiple modes of administration. The present study examines data from 704 surveys conducted as part of a longitudinal study in which parents and their children had been surveyed at multiple prior time points. Parents of 22-year-old study participants were randomly assigned to one of two mixed-mode conditions: (a) Web mode first followed by the offer of an interviewer-administered telephone mode; or (b) telephone mode first followed by the offer of the Web mode. Comparison of responses by assigned condition on 12 measures showed one statistically significant difference. Analyses that modeled differences by completed mode and the interaction between assigned condition and completed mode found significant differences on six measures related to completed mode. None of the differences indicated that more socially desirable responses were given in interviewer-administered surveys.

%B Field methods %V 25 %P 388-404 %8 2013 Nov 1 %G ENG %N 4 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24733977?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1177/1525822X12466888 %0 Journal Article %J J Drug Issues %D 2012 %T A cross-national comparison of risk and protective factors for adolescent drug use and delinquency in the United States and the Netherlands %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Hawkins, J D %A Steketee, Majone %A Jonkman, Harrie %A Brown, Eric C %A Moll, Marit %A Haggerty, Kevin P %X

The present study compared associations between risk and protective factors and adolescent drug use and delinquency in the Netherlands and the United States. Data were collected from students between the ages of 12 and 17 using the same school-administered survey instrument in both countries. Levels of exposure to risk and protective factors were generally similar in both countries. The same risk and protective factors shown to be associated with U.S. adolescents' drug use and delinquency were related significantly to Dutch youth's drug use and delinquency. One important exception was that Dutch students perceived their parents' attitudes to be more favorable toward alcohol use; these attitudes also were more predictive of adolescents' regular drinking in the Netherlands compared to the United States. The findings indicate that the risk and protective factors measured in this study can be important targets for prevention of health-compromising behaviors among young people in the Netherlands and the United States.

%B J Drug Issues %V 42 %P 337-357 %8 2012 Oct %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1177/0022042612461769 %0 Journal Article %J J Drug Issues %D 2012 %T Educational Paths and Substance Use from Adolescence into Early Adulthood. %A Fleming, Charles B %A White, Helene R %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Abbott, Robert D %A Catalano, Richard F %X

This study examined how substance use trajectories from ages 15 to 23 in a community sample (N=921) were related to educational pathways. Rates of heavy drinking converged across different paths, but starting college at a 2-year college before transferring to a 4-year college was related to later increase in drinking after high school. Higher future educational attainment was negatively associated with high school marijuana use, but marijuana use increased after high school for individuals who went to 4-year colleges compared to those who did not. Noncollege youth had the highest rates of daily cigarette smoking throughout adolescence and early adulthood, while college dropouts had higher rates of smoking than college students who did not drop out. The findings support the need for universal prevention for early adult heavy drinking, addressing increases in drinking and marijuana use in 4-year colleges, and targeting marijuana use and cigarette smoking interventions at noncollege youth and college dropouts.

%B J Drug Issues %V 42 %8 2012 Apr 1 %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1177/0022042612446590 %0 Journal Article %J J Child Fam Stud %D 2012 %T Family intervention to prevent depression and substance use among adolescents of depressed parents %A Mason, W A %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Fleming, Andrew P %A Casey-Goldstein, Mary %X

Parental depression places offspring at elevated risk for multiple, co-occurring problems. The purpose of this study was to develop and preliminarily evaluate Project Hope, a family intervention for the prevention of both depression and substance use among adolescent-aged children (M = 13.9 years) of depressed parents. The program was created by blending two empirically supported interventions: one for depression and another for substance use. Thirty families were randomly assigned to either Project Hope (n = 16) or a wait-list control condition (n = 14). Pretests, posttests (n = 29), and 5-month follow-ups (n = 28) were conducted separately with parents and youth via phone interviews. Questions asked about the family depression experience, family interactions, family management, coping, adolescent substance use beliefs and refusal skills, adolescent depression, and adolescent substance use. Project Hope was fully developed, manualized, and implemented with a small sample of targeted families. Engagement in the program was relatively high. Preliminary outcome analyses were conducted using 2 (Group) ×3 (Time) analyses of covariance. Results provided some evidence for significant improvements among intervention compared to control participants in indicators of the family depression experience, family management, and coping, and a statistically significant decrease from pretest to posttest in alcohol quantity for intervention compared to control youth. Next steps for this program of research are discussed.

%B J Child Fam Stud %V 21 %P 891-905 %8 2012 Dec 1 %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1007/s10826-011-9549-x %0 Journal Article %J Child Youth Serv Rev %D 2012 %T Promoting relationship building and connection: Adapting an evidence-based parenting program for families involved in the child welfare system %A Storer, Heather L %A Barkan, Susan E %A Sherman, Emma L %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Mattos, Leah M %X

The high needs of youth involved in the child welfare system and the poor long-term outcomes of former foster youth represent a significant systemic challenge. As part of a process to adapt an evidence-based parenting program for a child welfare population, we conducted a series of focus groups with child welfare staff, foster caregivers, and young adults who were involved in the foster system as teens. From these focus groups we learned that, although there is a need for evidence-based parenting programs for families involved in the child welfare setting, one of the significant barriers to program implementation is the lack of meaningful connection between caregivers and youth in their care. We will provide an in-depth discussion on the proposed adaptations to make Staying Connected more relevant for foster families, including the addition of skills training to help overcome some of the barriers to connection. Staying Connected holds the promise of cultivating more supportive home environments that have the capacity to nurture youths' healthy development, including the avoidance of high-risk behaviors.

%B Child Youth Serv Rev %V 34 %8 2012 Sep 1 %G eng %N 9 %R 10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.05.017 %0 Journal Article %J Race Justice %D 2012 %T Racial Disparity in Police Contacts. %A Crutchfield, Robert D %A Skinner, Martie L %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A McGlynn, Anne %A Catalano, Richard F %X

Criminologists agree the race disparity in arrests cannot be fully explained by differences in criminal behavior. We examine social environment factors that may lead to racial differences in police contact in early adolescence, including family, peers, school, and community. Data are from 331 8th-grade students. Blacks were almost twice as likely as Whites to report a police contact. Blacks reported more property crime but not more violent crime than Whites. Police contacts were increased by having a parent who had been arrested, a sibling involved in criminal activity, higher observed reward for negative behavior, having school disciplinary actions, and knowing adults who engaged in substance abuse or criminal behavior. Race differences in police contacts were partially attributable to more school discipline.

%B Race Justice %V 2 %8 2012 Jul 1 %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1177/2153368712448063 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2012 %T Romantic relationship characteristics and alcohol use: longitudinal associations with dual method contraception use. %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Fleming, Charles B %A Catalano, Richard F %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Manhart, Lisa E %K Adult %K Age Factors %K Alcohol Drinking %K Contraception %K Contraception Behavior %K Female %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Linear Models %K Male %K Multivariate Analysis %K Sexual Behavior %K Sexually Transmitted Diseases %K Time Factors %K Young Adult %X

PURPOSE: Dual method contraception use, or the use of one type of contraceptive intended to prevent pregnancy combined with another type intended to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infection, may be the most effective method to prevent both unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection. This study tested the association between relationship length, relationship type (married, cohabiting, dating but not cohabiting), global alcohol use, and situational alcohol use and the probability of dual method contraception use from 20 to 23 years of age.

METHODS: Hierarchical linear modeling analyses were conducted using longitudinal data from 754 sexually active male and female young adults aged 20-23 years. Dependent variables included both any dual method contraception use and consistent dual method contraception use.

RESULTS: Between 15% and 20% of respondents reported consistent dual method contraception use at each time point. Longer relationship length and more committed relationship type were associated with a lower probability of both any and consistent dual method contraception use. Situational alcohol use (drinking before sex), but not global alcohol use, also was related to a lower probability of both any and consistent dual method contraception use. Increasing age was associated with a lower probability of any dual method contraception use, but was not related to consistent dual method use.

CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to promote dual method contraception among young adults should include messages discouraging drinking before sex and supporting dual method use even in the context of committed relationships.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 50 %P 450-5 %8 2012 May %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.09.008 %0 Journal Article %J Dev Psychopathol %D 2011 %T Allostasis model facilitates understanding race differences in the diurnal cortisol rhythm. %A Skinner, Martie L %A Shirtcliff, Elizabeth A %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Coe, Christopher L %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K African Continental Ancestry Group %K Allostasis %K Circadian Rhythm %K Continental Population Groups %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Female %K Humans %K Hydrocortisone %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Saliva %K Sex Factors %K Stress, Psychological %K Young Adult %X

The concept of allostasis suggests that greater cumulative stress burden can influence stress-responsive physiology. Dysregulation of allostatic mediators, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is thought to precede many other signs of age-related pathology as the persistent burden of stressors accumulates over the individual's life span. We predicted that even in young adulthood, HPA regulation would differ between Blacks and Whites, reflecting, in part, higher rates of stressor exposure and greater potential for stressors to "get under the skin." We examined whether stressor exposure, including experiences with racism and discrimination, explained race differences in waking cortisol and the diurnal rhythm. We also examined whether HPA functioning was associated with mental health outcomes previously linked to cortisol. Salivary cortisol was assayed in 275 young adults (127 Blacks, 148 Whites, 19 to 22 years old), four times a day across 3 days. Hierarchical linear models revealed flatter slopes for Blacks, reflecting significantly lower waking and higher bedtime cortisol levels compared to Whites. Associations of HPA functioning with stressors were typically more robust for Whites such that more stress exposure created an HPA profile that resembled that of Black young adults. For Blacks, greater stressor exposure did not further impact HPA functioning, or, when significant, was often associated with higher cortisol levels. Across both races, flatter slopes generally indicated greater HPA dysregulation and were associated with poor mental health outcomes. These differential effects were more robust for Whites. These findings support an allostatic model in which social contextual factors influence normal biorhythms, even as early as young adulthood.

%B Dev Psychopathol %V 23 %P 1167-86 %8 2011 Nov %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1017/S095457941100054X %0 Journal Article %J Arch Sex Behav %D 2011 %T Associations between changing developmental contexts and risky sexual behavior in the two years following high school. %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A White, Helene R %A Catalano, Richard F %K Attitude to Health %K Comorbidity %K Condoms %K Female %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Risk-Taking %K Sexual Partners %K Sexually Transmitted Diseases %K Social Environment %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Unsafe Sex %K Young Adult %X

The present study tested associations between common developmental contexts (relationship involvement, independent living, college attendance, work) and risky sexual behavior (casual sex, inconsistent condom use, high-risk sex) across the 2 years following high school. Data were drawn from the Raising Healthy Children project, and included 801 participants aged 18-21 years. Longitudinal analyses, which controlled for early sexual debut, high school substance use, and high school grades, showed that living with a parent was protective against all three sexual risk behavior outcomes (ORs about 0.70). Being in a romantic relationship was associated with a lower probability of casual sex, but a higher probability of inconsistent condom use. Attending college was associated with a lower probability of high-risk sex (OR = 0.67). Working was not related to the sexual risk behaviors examined. Levels of sexual risk behavior showed little change across the 2 years following high school. Findings from this study suggest that developmental context may affect young adults' engagement in risky sexual behavior. Programs aimed at promoting sexual health and reducing risk behaviors for STIs among young adults should consider targeting those in romantic relationships, those not living with parents, and those not attending college. Further, to develop effective prevention programs for these targeted youth, it is critical that we understand the mechanisms leading to risky sex in these groups.

%B Arch Sex Behav %V 40 %P 951-60 %8 2011 Oct %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1007/s10508-010-9633-0 %0 Journal Article %J Crim Behav Ment Health %D 2011 %T Bullying at elementary school and problem behaviour in young adulthood: a study of bullying, violence and substance use from age 11 to age 21. %A Kim, Min J %A Catalano, Richard F %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Abbott, Robert D %K Adolescent %K Alcoholism %K Bullying %K Child %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Marijuana Abuse %K Regression Analysis %K Schools %K Students %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Violence %K Young Adult %X

AIM: The main aim of this paper is to investigate to what extent self-reported bullying at Grade 5 predicts later violence, heavy drinking and marijuana use at age 21.

METHOD: Univariate and multivariate associations between bullying and later outcomes were examined based on a longitudinal community sample of 957 young people from the Raising Healthy Children project.

RESULTS: Childhood bullying was significantly associated with violence, heavy drinking and marijuana use at age 21. These associations held up after controlling for prior risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS: Childhood bullying had unique associations with risk of later violence and substance use among young adults. Early intervention to prevent childhood bullying may also reduce other adverse outcomes later in life.

%B Crim Behav Ment Health %V 21 %P 136-44 %8 2011 Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1002/cbm.804 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2011 %T An examination of the validity of retrospective measures of suicide attempts in youth. %A Mazza, James J %A Catalano, Richard F %A Abbott, Robert D %A Haggerty, Kevin P %K Adolescent %K Anxiety %K Attitude to Health %K Child %K Comorbidity %K Depression %K Female %K Humans %K Impulsive Behavior %K Interpersonal Relations %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Peer Group %K Retrospective Studies %K Risk Factors %K Risk-Taking %K Self Concept %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Suicide, Attempted %K United States %K Young Adult %X

PURPOSE: This study used prospective data to investigate the validity of a retrospective measure of suicide attempts from four different perspectives.

METHODS: Data were retrieved from 883 participants in the Raising Healthy Children project, a longitudinal study of youth recruited from a Pacific Northwest school district. The retrospective measure was collected when participants were 18-19 years of age and results were compared with measures of depressive symptoms collected prospectively.

RESULTS: Results showed strong corroboration between retrospective reports of first suicide attempt and prospective measures of depression, with attempters experiencing significantly more depression than their nonattempting peers, t (df = 853) = 10.26, p < .001. In addition, within the attempter group, depression scores during the year of their reported first attempt were significantly higher than the average depression score across previous years, t (df = 67) = 3.01, p < .01.

CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study suggest that the reports of older adolescents regarding their suicide attempts are corroborated by their prospective reports of depression in childhood and earlier adolescence. Thus, there is support that retrospective measures of suicidal behavior, namely suicide attempts, may be a valid method of assessment.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 49 %P 532-7 %8 2011 Nov %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.04.009 %0 Journal Article %J Vaccine %D 2011 %T HPV vaccination among a community sample of young adult women. %A Manhart, Lisa E %A Burgess-Hull, Albert J %A Fleming, Charles B %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Demography %K Educational Status %K Female %K Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Papillomavirus Infections %K Papillomavirus Vaccines %K Patient Acceptance of Health Care %K Smoking %K United States %K Vaccination %K Washington %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVES: Despite the high efficacy of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, uptake has been slow and little data on psychosocial barriers to vaccination exist.

METHODS: A community sample of 428 women enrolled in a longitudinal study of social development in the Seattle WA metropolitan area were interviewed about HPV vaccine status, attitudes, and barriers to HPV vaccination in spring 2008 or 2009 at ∼age 22.

RESULTS: Nineteen percent of women had initiated vaccination, 10% had completed the series, and ∼40% of unvaccinated women intended to get vaccinated. Peer approval was associated with vaccine initiation (adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) 2.1; 95% confidence interval 1.4-3.2) and intention to vaccinate (APR 1.4; 1.1-1.9). Belief the vaccine is <75% effective was associated with less initiation (APR 0.6; 0.4-0.9) or intention to vaccinate (APR 0.5; 0.4-0.7). Vaccine initiation was also less likely among cigarette smokers and illegal drug users, whereas intention to vaccinate was more common among women currently attending school or with >5 lifetime sex partners, but less common among women perceiving low susceptibility to HPV (APR 0.6; 0.5-0.9).

CONCLUSIONS: HPV vaccination uptake was low in this community sample of young adult women. Increasing awareness of susceptibility to HPV and the high efficacy of the vaccine, along with peer interventions to increase acceptability, may be most effective.

%B Vaccine %V 29 %P 5238-44 %8 2011 Jul 18 %G eng %N 32 %R 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.024 %0 Journal Article %J Addict Behav %D 2011 %T Is nonmedical prescription opiate use a unique form of illicit drug use? %A Catalano, Richard F %A White, Helene R %A Fleming, Charles B %A Haggerty, Kevin P %K Adolescent %K Analgesics, Opioid %K Drug Prescriptions %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Northwestern United States %K Risk Factors %K Self Medication %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

Nonmedical prescription opiate (NMPO) use is of great concern because of its high addiction potential, cognitive impairment effects, and other adverse consequences (e.g., hormonal and immune system effects, hyperalgesia and overdose). Due to the combination of drugs used by those who are NMPO users, it is difficult to isolate the negative effects of NMPO use from the effects of other legal and illicit drugs. Based on a stage model of substance use, this study tested whether NMPO use represents a unique form of illicit drug use among emerging adults and whether there are unique consequences of early NMPO use. We used longitudinal data from 912 emerging adults from the Raising Healthy Children study who were interviewed at least annually from the first or second grade through age 21. The findings indicated that almost all NMPO users have also used marijuana and a large majority has also used other drugs, such as cocaine and ecstasy. In addition, more frequent users of NMPOs are also more frequent users of other drugs. Except for violent behavior, NMPO use explained little unique variance in negative outcomes of use (e.g., drug use disorder, mood disorder, nonproductive behavior, poor health, and property crime) beyond that explained by other illicit drug use. Future studies examining the predictors or consequences of NMPO use and nonmedical use of other prescription drugs need to consider use within the context of other drug use.

%B Addict Behav %V 36 %P 79-86 %8 2011 Jan-Feb %G eng %N 1-2 %R 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.08.028 %0 Journal Article %J Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol %D 2011 %T Observed parenting behavior with teens: measurement invariance and predictive validity across race. %A Skinner, Martie L %A MacKenzie, Elizabeth P %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Hill, Karl G %A Roberson, Kendra C %K Adolescent %K Adult %K African Americans %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Female %K Humans %K Parent-Child Relations %K Parenting %K Parents %K Reproducibility of Results %K Socioeconomic Factors %X

Previous reports supporting measurement equality between European American and African American families have often focused on self-reported risk factors or observed parent behavior with young children. This study examines equality of measurement of observer ratings of parenting behavior with adolescents during structured tasks; mean levels of observed parenting; and predictive validity of teen self-reports of antisocial behaviors and beliefs using a sample of 163 African American and 168 European American families. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analyses supported measurement invariance across ethnic groups for four measures of observed parenting behavior: prosocial rewards, psychological costs, antisocial rewards, and problem solving. Some mean-level differences were found: African American parents exhibited lower levels of prosocial rewards, higher levels of psychological costs, and lower problem solving when compared to European Americans. No significant mean difference was found in rewards for antisocial behavior. Multigroup structural equation models suggested comparable relationships across race (predictive validity) between parenting constructs and youth antisocial constructs (i.e., drug initiation, positive drug attitudes, antisocial attitudes, problem behaviors) in all but one of the tested relationships. This study adds to existing evidence that family-based interventions targeting parenting behaviors can be generalized to African American families.

%B Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol %V 17 %P 252-60 %8 2011 Jul %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1037/a0024730 %0 Journal Article %J J Addict Dis %D 2011 %T Opiate-addicted parents in methadone treatment: long-term recovery, health, and family relationships. %A Skinner, Martie L %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Fleming, Charles B %A Catalano, Richard F %A Gainey, Randy R %K Family Relations %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Health Status %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Methadone %K Middle Aged %K Opiate Substitution Treatment %K Opioid-Related Disorders %K Parenting %K Psychotherapy, Group %K Risk Factors %X

Few studies follow the lives of opiate-addicted parents. The authors examined a 12-year follow-up of 144 parents in methadone treatment and their 3- to 14-year-old children. Parent mortality was high. Among survivors, drug use and treatment, incarceration, residential and family disruptions, and health problems were common. Moderate and long-term recovery were associated with consistent methadone treatment, further education, employment, and fewer relationship disruptions. Earlier depression, deviant friends, and poor coping skills predicted continued drug problems. Thus, interventions should include treatment for depression and build skills for avoiding and refusing drugs, coping with stress, and maintaining recovery-supportive friendships.

%B J Addict Dis %V 30 %P 17-26 %8 2011 Jan %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1080/10550887.2010.531670 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2011 %T Positive childhood experiences and positive adult functioning: Prosocial continuity and the role of adolescent substance use. %A Kosterman, Rick %A Mason, W A %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Hawkins, J D %A Spoth, Richard %A Redmond, Cleve %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Development %K Adult %K Child %K Efficiency %K Exercise %K Female %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Male %K Parent-Child Relations %K Parenting %K Rural Population %K Social Responsibility %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

PURPOSE: To examine positive childhood experiences as predictors of positive adult functioning, including civic involvement, productivity and responsibility, interpersonal connection, and physical exercise; and to examine adolescent substance use as a mediator of prosocial continuity.

METHODS: A total of 429 rural participants were interviewed across seven waves from age 11 to 22 years. Structural equation models examined the relationship between positive childhood experiences and adult functioning, with adolescent substance use added to each model as a possible mediating mechanism.

RESULTS: Positive childhood experiences predicted significantly better adult functioning for each model, even after accounting for adolescent substance use. Positive childhood experiences also consistently predicted significantly less adolescent substance use. In turn, adolescent substance use predicted significantly less civic involvement and less productivity and responsibility, but was not associated with interpersonal connection or physical exercise when accounting for childhood experiences. Results were largely consistent across gender and levels of family income.

CONCLUSION: Findings show the enduring importance of positive childhood experiences in predicting positive functioning in early adulthood. Although adolescent substance use increased risk for poorer functioning in important domains of adult life, results suggest that positive experiences in late childhood continued to have a significant prosocial effect into young adulthood. The study also highlights the late elementary grades as a time when parents, teachers, and others can potentially have a large influence in proactively providing prosocial opportunities for children.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 49 %P 180-6 %8 2011 Aug %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.11.244 %0 Journal Article %J J Youth Adolesc %D 2010 %T Identifying trajectories of adolescents' depressive phenomena: an examination of early risk factors. %A Mazza, James J %A Fleming, Charles B %A Abbott, Robert D %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Antisocial Personality Disorder %K Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity %K Depression %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Parents %K Risk Factors %K Sex Factors %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Stress, Psychological %K Surveys and Questionnaires %X

Few studies have examined risk factors of childhood and early adolescent depressive symptomatology trajectories. This study examined self-report depressive symptomatology across a 6-year time period from 2nd to 8th grade to identify latent groups of individuals with similar patterns of depressive phenomena in a sample of 951 children (440 girls, 511 boys). Analyses, using semiparametric group modeling (SGM), identified 5 trajectory groups for girls and boys: low depressed stables, low depressed risers, mildly depressed stables, moderately depressed changers, and moderately depressed risers. Individual risk factors, with the exception of shy/withdrawn behavior, were significantly different across trajectory group membership for boys and girls, as was low-income status for boys. Boys in the low depressed and mildly depressed stable trajectory groups had significantly higher levels of antisocial behavior, attention problems, and lower social competency compared to girls in similar groups. These results suggest that universal prevention programs implemented in early elementary school that target selected risk factors may be helpful in reducing future adolescent mental health problems, specifically depressive symptomatology.

%B J Youth Adolesc %V 39 %P 579-93 %8 2010 Jun %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1007/s10964-009-9406-z %0 Journal Article %J J Youth Adolesc %D 2010 %T Relationships between level and change in family, school, and peer factors during two periods of adolescence and problem behavior at age 19. %A Fleming, Charles B %A Catalano, Richard F %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Abbott, Robert D %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Antisocial Personality Disorder %K Child %K Child Behavior Disorders %K Conflict (Psychology) %K Crime %K Family %K Female %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Male %K Parent-Child Relations %K Peer Group %K Risk Factors %K Schools %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

While prior research has examined family, school, and peer factors as potential predictors of problem behavior, less attention has been given to studying when these factors are most predictive of problems and if and when changes in these factors signal risk. Using annual data on a community sample of 1,040 individuals (47% female; 81% White), this study models growth in risk and protective factors during two developmental periods (Grades 5-8 and Grades 9-12) in order to predict substance misuse and crime at age 19. For protective factors of positive relationships with family and positive bonds to school, both the levels of these factors at Grade 5 and change between Grade 5 and Grade 8 predicted substance misuse and crime in early adulthood. Higher likelihoods of both forms of problem behavior also were predicted by increases in the risk factor of exposure to negative peers between 5th and 8th grade. In the late adolescent period, levels at 9th grade of all risk and protective factors examined predicted both substance misuse and crime. Also, increases in exposure to negative peers in late adolescence predicted greater likelihoods of both forms of problem behavior, while greater risk of substance misuse was predicted by decreases in school bonding and academic achievement, and greater risk of crime was predicted by worsening relationships with family. The results add to prior research by indicating that in addition to the level, change in risk and protective factors during these two stages of development can be signals of risk and are promising targets for intervention.

%B J Youth Adolesc %V 39 %P 670-82 %8 2010 Jun %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1007/s10964-010-9526-5 %0 Journal Article %J J Stud Alcohol Drugs %D 2010 %T Romantic relationship status changes and substance use among 18- to 20-year-olds. %A Fleming, Charles B %A White, Helene R %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Age Factors %K Depression %K Female %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Marriage %K Sexual Partners %K Single Person %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVE: Changes in romantic relationship status are common in emerging adulthood and may be linked to changes in substance use. This study tested the hypothesis that entry into relationships or transitioning to a more committed status leads to decreases in substance use and that dissolution of relationships or transitioning to a less committed status results in increases in substance use.

METHOD: Data were from a community sample of 939 individuals. Substance use (heavy drinking, marijuana use, and cigarette smoking) and relationship status (single, in a romantic relationship but not cohabiting, cohabiting, or married) were assessed at the beginning and end of three 6-month intervals between the ages of 18 and 20 years. Models were estimated to assess the association between transitions in relationship status and substance use, adjusting for prior levels of use.

RESULTS: There were increases in heavy drinking, marijuana use, and cigarette smoking associated with dissolution of a romantic relationship, as well as increases in marijuana use and cigarette smoking associated with switching partners within a 6-month interval. Mediation analyses found some support for increases in both depressive symptoms and exposure to substance-using peers partially accounting for these associations. Decreases in substance use were not found for individuals entering into a new relationship or transitioning to a more committed relationship status. In fact, cigarette smoking increased among those who went from being single to being in a romantic relationship compared with those whose relationship status did not change.

CONCLUSIONS: Emerging adults who experience dissolution of romantic relationships or quickly move from one relationship to another experience increased substance use. Both depressive symptoms and changes in peer environments may partially account for these changes in use.

%B J Stud Alcohol Drugs %V 71 %P 847-56 %8 2010 Nov %G eng %N 6